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铝合金的锻造工艺特点

Forging process characteristics of aluminum alloy

⑴塑性较低。铝合金塑性受合金成分和锻造温度的影响较大，而且塑性对变形速度的敏感程度随合金元素的含量不同而不同，当合金元素含量增加时，铝合金塑性不断下降，且对变形速度的敏感程度也增强。大多数铝合金都为正应变速率敏感材料，即流动应力随着变形速率的降低而减小，因此，对于航空用大型铝合金锻件，往往采用油压机或者水压机成形，对于中小型锻件则可采用螺旋压力机或者机械压力机制造。

1. The plasticity is low. The plasticity of aluminum alloy is greatly affected by alloy composition and forging temperature, and the sensitivity of plasticity to deformation rate varies with the content of alloy elements. When the content of alloy elements increases, the plasticity of aluminum alloy decreases continuously, and the sensitivity to deformation rate increases. Most aluminum alloys are positive strain rate sensitive materials, that is, the flow stress decreases with the reduction of deformation rate. Therefore, for large aluminum alloy forgings used in aviation, oil press or hydraulic press is often used, for medium and small forgings, screw press or mechanical press can be used.

⑵粘附性强。由于铝和铁可以固溶，因此，铝合金在锻造过程中经常发生粘模现象。一般认为，锭子油可以起到较好的润滑效果，近年来，美国Acheson等公司也开发出了适合工业应用的铝合金润滑剂。国内也有公司自己配制油基或水基润滑剂，使用效果也很好。

2. Strong adhesiveness. Because aluminum and iron can be solid solution, the phenomenon of sticking often occurs in forging process of aluminum alloy. It is generally believed that spindle oil can play a better lubrication effect, in recent years, Acheson and other companies have developed aluminum alloy lubricants suitable for industrial applications. Domestic companies also make their own oil-based or water-based lubricants, and the results are very good.

⑶锻造温度范围窄。大多数铝合金的锻造温度范围都在150℃以内，有些甚至只有70℃，因此，在锻造生产中，往往需要采用多次加热的方法来确保铝合金具有良好的可锻性。尤其是对产品性能要求严格的航天和军工产品，在最终成形时往往采用等温锻造的方法进行生产。

Forging temperature range is narrow. The forging temperature range of most aluminum alloys is within 150 C, some even only 70 C. Therefore, in the forging production, it is often necessary to adopt the method of multiple heating to ensure that the aluminum alloy has good malleability. Especially for aerospace and military products with strict performance requirements, isothermal forging is often used in the final forming process.

⑷工序变形量小。铝合金锻造一般不允许少工序、大变形，以免导致粗晶或者产生裂纹，因此，往往需要将总变形量进行合理分配，制坯工序对于最终产品的成形结果影响较大。由于工件经过若干工序后，温度往往低于所要求的锻造温度，故需要再次加热。

Process deformation is small. Aluminum alloy forging generally does not allow a small number of processes, large deformation, in order to avoid causing coarse grain or cracks, so it is often necessary to distribute the total deformation reasonably, billet making process for the final product forming results have a greater impact. Because the workpiece after a number of processes, the temperature is often lower than the required forging temperature, it needs to be reheated.